Mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are those that contain more than one double bond.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid
http://www.answers.com/topic/polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-2
(Metaanalyse zu PUFA´s - März 2010)
Fischer, S., Glei,M. Health aspects of regular consumption of fish and omega-3-fatty acids. Ernährungsumschau Nr.9 2015 -
Was Omega-3-Fettsäuren besonders macht - link bei MLR_BW 01.06.2016 -
Versorgung mit Omega-3-Fettsäuren in der Schwangerschaft: : Fettreicher Meeresfisch und seine Alternativen. BZfE News 23.06.2021 -
Pinar‑Martí, A. et al.: Red blood cell omega‑3 fatty acids and attention scores in healthy adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02064-w (05.08.2022) ⇔ Omega-3 fatty acids, and in particular DHA, are associated with increased attention scores in adolescents link bei www.eurekalert.org 28.09.2022
- Kwok Leung Ong et al.: Association of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with incident chronic kidney disease: pooled analysis of 19 cohorts. Brit Med J 380 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-072909 (18.01.2023) ⇔ Omega 3 fatty acids in seafood linked to lower risk of chronic kidney problems. link bei www.eurekalert.org 18.01.2023 / Omega-3-Fettsäuren aus Fisch: Auch positiv für die Nierenfunktion? BZfE News 08.02.2023
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (Hrsg.): Fettzufuhr und Prävention ausgewählter ernährungsmitbedingter Krankheiten – Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie. 2. Version, Bonn 2015 (link)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährung (Hrsg.): Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. 2. Aufl., 1. Ausgabe, Bonn 2015 Arbeitskreis Omega-3 e. V.: http://www.ak-omega-3.de
- Sind Omega-3-Fettsäure-Kapseln für eine gesunde Ernährung wirklich geeignet? link bei www.heilpraxisnet.de 06.12.2018 (nein)
Schwingshackl, L.: Mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren für die primäre und sekundäre Prävention kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen. Ernährungs-Umschau Nr.5, M296-M298 (13.05.2020)
Schwingshackl, L.: n-3-Fettsäuren für die primäre und sekundäre Prävention kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen. Ernährungs-Umschau Sep 2020, S. M546-M549
Lázaro, I. et al.: Circulating Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Incident Adverse Events in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 76 (18) 2089-2097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.073 (Nov 2020) ⇔ "A study has demonstrated that omega-3 rich foods improve post-heart attack prognosis." link bei www.eurekalert.org 27.10.2020
Khan, S.U. et al.: Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine (Lancet) doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997 (08.07.2021) ⇔ "Meta-analysis finds that omega-3 fatty acids improved cardiovascular outcomes." link bei www.eurekalert.org + "Herz-Kreislauf: Meta-Analyse bestätigt Nutzen von Omega-3-Fettsäuren." link bei www.heilpraxisndet.de 09.07.2021
McBurney, M.I. et al.: Using an erythrocyte fatty acid fingerprint to predict risk of all-cause mortality: the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Amer J clin Nutr DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab195 (16.06.2021) ⇔ Higher levels of omega-3 acids in the blood increases life expectancy by almost five years. ScienceDaily 22.07.2021
Ogłuszka, M. et al.: Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Telomeres—Are They the Elixir of Youth? Nutrients 14, 3723. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183723 (09.09.2022) ⇔ Anti-Aging mit Omega-3-Fettsäuren: Wirken sie dem Alterungsprozess entgegen? BZfE News 26.10.2022 + Domke, A.: Anti-Aging: Ernährung mit viel Omega-3-Fettsäuren kann Alterungsprozess verlangsamen. link bei www.heilpraxisnet.de 30.10.2022
Blasek, V.: Ernährung: Die besten Quellen für Omega-3-Fettsäuren. link bei www.heilpraxisnet.de 25.01.2023 ⇔ How To Pick Fish High in Omega-3 and Low in Mercury health.clevelandclinic.org - FDA: Advice about eating fish. fda.gov - NIH: Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals - ods.od.nih.gov -
Dawczynski, Chr., Dawczynski, K.: Einfluss von n-3- und n-6-Fettsäuren auf das kardiovaskuläre Risiko. Ernährungs-Umschau Nov 2021, S M650-M661
Gencer, B. et al.: Effect of Long-Term Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circulation doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654 (06.10.2021) ⇔ Omega-3-Nahrungsergänzungsmittel mit erhöhtem Vorhofflimmern-Risiko verbunden. link bei www.heilpraxisnet.de 10.10.2021
Weltweite Versorgungslücke bei Omega-3-Fettsäuren: Bessere Nutzung von Fischabfällen nur ein Ansatz. BZfE News 04.03.2020 ⇔ Hamilton, H.A. et al.: Systems approach to quantify the global omega-3 fatty acid cycle. Nat Food 1, 59–62 doi.org/10.1038/s43016-019-0006-0 (13.01.2020) ⇔ "More people and fewer wild fish lead to an omega-3 supply gap." link bei www.eurekalert.org 07.02.2020
- Aung, T. et al.: Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement Use With Cardiovascular Disease Risks. Meta-analysis of 10 Trials Involving 77 917 Individuals. JAMA Cardiology doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.5205 (31.01.2018): "This meta-analysis demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids had no significant association with fatal or nonfatal coronary heart disease or any major vascular events. It provides no support for current recommendations for the use of such supplements in people with a history of coronary heart disease."
- Werz, O. et al.: Human macrophages differentially produce specific resolvin or leukotriene signals that depend on bacterial pathogenicity. Nature Communications 9, Article number: 59 (2018) doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02538-5 (04.01.2018) ⇔ Omega-3-Fettsäuren halten Immunsystem fit. Standard (Wien) 17.01.2018
Nährstoff-(Ernährungs)Empfehlungen der EFSA
(Informationen zu Publikationen im März 2010)
Publikation - Prinzipien der RDA
Publikation - Food Group Based Recommendations
Publikation - Wasser-Emfpehlung
Publikation - Fette-Empfehlung
Publikation - Kohlenhydrate-Empfehlung
Wang, D.D. et al.: Association of Specific Dietary Fats With Total and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. Published online July 05, 2016. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2417 (Ref. Lower risk of death linked to higher unsaturated fat intake. link bei www.foodnavigator.com 06.07.2016; link bei www.gourmet-report.de 11.07.2016)
Hanson, S. et al.: Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br J Cancer doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-0761-6 (29.02.2020) ⇔ link bei www.eurekalert.org 28.02.2020
Diets high in N-3 polyunsaturated fats may help decrease risk of breast cancer. link bei www.eurekalert.org 27.07.2022
Labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids - Question number: EFSA-Q-2009-00548 30 June 2009 - Scientific Opinion (download)
Summary:
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies was asked to review and provide advice on labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
The proposed labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 PUFA provided by the Commission in the terms of reference are intended to represent typical recommended daily intakes (adults). These values can be used in food labelling to facilitate comparison of the PUFA content of food products and to help convey the relative significance of the food as a source of PUFA in the context of a total daily diet, and can also be used to set appropriate conditions of use for health claims on PUFA. For practical application, a single reference intake value is proposed for each nutrient using rounded values for ease of calculation.
The PUFA for which advice on labelling reference intakes is requested are the n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA), the long chain n-3 PUFA (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), and the n-6 PUFA (mainly linoleic acid (LA)).
Labeling reference intake values for PUFA may be derived from science-based intake recommendations for the general population established by national and international authorities taking into account observed intakes in the population. For these PUFA, intake recommendations for the general population are sometimes aimed at the avoidance of deficiency symptoms but more usually are based on evidence of relationships between intake and neurodevelopment and/or cardiovascular health. PUFA intake recommendations for the general population established by national authorities in different EU countries are not uniform and reflect the different criteria on which they are based.
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
The n-3 fatty acid most abundant in food is ALA. The proposed labelling reference intake value for ALA (2g) is towards the upper end of the range of average intakes observed in adults in some European countries (0.7 - 2.3 g/d or ~0.4-0.8 E%). Intake recommendations for ALA based on considerations of cardiovascular health and neurodevelopment are about 1 E%, corresponding to 2 - 3 g ALA/day for energy intakes 1800-2700 kcal/day. The Panel considers that the proposed labelling reference intake value for the n-3 PUFA ALA (2g) is consistent with recommended intakes for individuals in the general population in some European countries based on considerations of cardiovascular health.
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
The quantitatively most important long-chain n-3 PUFA in the diet are EPA and DHA.
Most recent evidence shows that the intake of EPA plus DHA is negatively related to cardiovascular risk in a dose-dependent way up to about 250mg/d (1–2 servings of oily fish per week) in healthy populations.
The proposed labelling reference intake value for long chain n-3 PUFA (200 mg) is lower than this value, as are observed average intakes of EPA plus DHA in adults in some European countries, which vary between 80mg/d and 420 mg/d.
The Panel proposes 250mg/d as the labelling reference intake value for the long-chain n-3 PUFAs EPA plus DHA, which is in agreement with most recent evidence on the relationship between the intake of these fatty acids and cardiovascular health in healthy populations. n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids n-6 PUFA mainly include LA, and to a lesser extent arachidonic acid (ARA).
The proposed labelling reference intake value of 6g of n-6 PUFA is lower than mean intakes observed in Europe (between 7 and 19 g/d). It is also lower than the lower bound of intake recommended for individuals in the general population by some national and international authorities based on considerations of cardiovascular health (4 E%, equivalent to 8-12 g/d for adults).
The Panel proposes 10g as labelling reference intake value for the n-6 PUFA LA, which is consistent with recommended intakes for adult individuals in the general population in European countries based on considerations of cardiovascular health.
Omega-6-Fettsäuren erniedrigen Risiko an Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen zu sterben - EUFIC Today 10.02.2015 -
Naghshi. S. et al.: Dietary intake and biomarkers of alpha linolenic acid and risk of all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies Brit med J 375 :n2213 doi:10.1136/bmj.n2213 (14.10.2021) ⇔ High ALA intake reduces risk of all causes mortality by 10%. Foodnavigator 18.10.2021
Farvid, MS. et al.: Dietary Linoleic Acid and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Circulation, 2014; 130 (18): 1568 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010236 - ScienceDaily 28.10.2014 -
Jakobsen, MU et al.: Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr (February 11, 2009). doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124
Background: Saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake increases plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations; therefore, intake should be reduced to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). Lower habitual intakes of SFAs, however, requires substitution of other macronutrients to maintain energy balance.
Objective: We investigated associations between energy intake from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and carbohydrates and risk of CHD while assessing the potential effect-modifying role of sex and age. Using substitution models, our aim was to clarify whether energy from unsaturated fatty acids or carbohydrates should replace energy from SFAs to prevent CHD.
Design: This was a follow-up study in which data from 11 American and European cohort studies were pooled. The outcome measure was incident CHD.
Results: During 4–10 y of follow-up, 5249 coronary events and 2155 coronary deaths occurred among 344,696 persons. For a 5% lower energy intake from SFAs and a concomitant higher energy intake from PUFAs, there was a significant inverse association between PUFAs and risk of coronary events (hazard ratio: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.97); the hazard ratio for coronary deaths was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.89). For a 5% lower energy intake from SFAs and a concomitant higher energy intake from carbohydrates, there was a modest significant direct association between carbohydrates and coronary events (hazard ratio: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14); the hazard ratio for coronary deaths was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.13). MUFA intake was not associated with CHD. No effect modification by sex or age was found. Conclusion: The associations suggest that replacing SFAs with PUFAs rather than MUFAs or carbohydrates prevents CHD over a wide range of intakes.
Ramsden, C.E. et al.: Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 374 :n1448 doi:10.1136/bmj.n1448 (27.05.2021) ⇔ Omega-3-Fettsäuren gegen Kopfschmerzen?: Studie zum Einfluss der Ernährung auf Migräne BZfE News 14.07.2021 - "Gesunde Fette: Helfen Omega-3-Fettsäuren bei Kopfschmerzen?" (dpa-Pressemeldung am 26.07.2021 z.B. in Bürstädter Zeitung + Rhein-Zeitung -
Makrides, M. et al.: Fish oil and other prostaglandin precursor supplementation during pregnancy for reducing pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction. Cochrane Review, 2018 DOI dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003402 . ScienceDaily 15.11.2018
Mayr, L. et al.: Dietary lipids fuel GPX4-restricted enteritis resembling Crohn’s disease. Nat Commun 11, 1775 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15646-6 (14.04.2020) ⇔"Mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren lösen Morbus Crohn ähnliche Darmentzündung aus." idw-Pressemitteilung 14.04.2020 von www.i-med.ac.at + "Sind Omega-3-Fettsäuren schädlich für den Darm?" Spiegel 10.07.2020
Omega-3-Fettsäuren - link zu privater Website -
Mittel mit Omega-3-Fettsäuren im Test - Warum Fischölkapseln & Co wenig bringen. Test Juni 2020 ("Kapseln mit Omega-3-Fettsäuren sind überflüssig." dpa-Meldung am 26.05.2020 z.B. in Allgemeine (Mainz)+ Rhein-Zeitung)